You have the potential to be a great partner and to create successful, long-lasting, trustworthy, and mutually beneficial partnerships. The formula is simple. Again and again I have emphasized the importance of understanding yourself first. It all begins with you. You need to know what you want. You need to select a partner who can help you close the gap between what you can currently do and where you want to be. You need to follow a partnering process: the Partnership Continuum. You need to be sure to keep the task and relationship dynamics in balance. You need to practice the Six Partnering Attributes. And you need to improve continuously by using the Plan–Do–Check–Act cycle.
Follow the outline I have used in this blog. It works. Don’t deviate from it and don’t take shortcuts. Relationships take time to build; trust takes time to build; it takes time to communicate. But once you have laid the foundation, partnerships will create endless value for your business and help build the smart alliances you need to successfully compete in the future.

The various types of competition can be grouped as follows:

Pure monopoly: Only one company provides a certain product or service in an area (e.g. post office, local utility companies). It is a result of regulation, patent, license or economies of scale. Earnings are highly predictable since competition is almost nonexistent and the degree of regulation is very high.

Pure oligopoly: A few companies produce the same commodity (e.g. oil, steel). There is enough market share for every competitor. Profit margins will depend on the economic cycle and the cyclicality of industries.

Differentiated oligopoly: A few companies produce partially differentiated products (e.g. cars, computers). The differentiation occurs along lines of quality, features, styling or services. Here it is important to evaluate the different business models of the companies. Profit margins will vary across different industries and companies.

Monopolistic competition: This industry consists of many competitors able to differentiate their products and services (e.g. food, beverage).

Pure competition: Many competitors offer the same product and service (e.g. commodity market). The degree of product differentiation gives an estimate about the margin structure of an industry. Alow product differentiation is accompanied by an intense price competition which results in low profit margins.

Although the consumer sector did surprisingly well, the spreads of cyclical sectors widened massively between the beginning of 2000 and October 2002. Apart from external shocks such as September 11, 2001, there are two economic explanations for this observation. First, the corporate sector increased its leverage dramatically between 1997 and 2001, for the benefit of shareholders and at the cost of bondholders. The high level of leverage made companies vulnerable to economic downturns. Second, the recession that finally occurred in the United States was not typical in the sense that it was not driven by a lack of private demand, but it was rather driven by overinvestment, overcapacities in many industries and as a consequence there was a decline of business investment. The capital goods sector was directly affected by this development and credit spreads widened substantially. The automotive sector, conversely, suffered rather from speculations that the consumer might break away one day. Additionally, the incentive programs weakened profitability in the already fragile automotive sector further and funding gaps in the pension plans materialized following the burst of the equity buble.

On the other hand, noncyclical sectors like banks and utilities performed reasonably well in 2001. The steepening yield curve helped banks to increase their interest margins and thus to offset the costs associated with the declining credit quality in the customer base. The utility sector again justified its safe haven status that is based on the utility companies’ strong ability to generate cash flows.

Finally, while the subjects of industry analysis and the identification of relative value between sectors are covered in more detail below, it should be noted that the sector allocation has a substantial influence on the risk profile of a corporate bond portfolio. Sectors differ not only with respect to the goods or services they produce, but also with respect to their sensitivity to the economic environment. Therefore, investors usually distinguish between cyclical and noncyclical sectors. In general, cyclical industries are those where the ability to generate revenues and cash flows is closely linked to the business cycle. Usually, this is due to the fact that the companies in those sectors produce goods or services for private consumption or that belong in the category of capital expenditures. Typical examples of cyclical sectors therefore are the automotive and the capital goods sector.